Translating instruments for cross-cultural studies in headache research.

OBJECTIVE: To describe translation methods, to outline current recommendations for translation and to give an overview of translation procedures used in headache. BACKGROUND: In health-care research, particularly in the domain of health-related quality of life, an increasing number of questionnaires are translated for cross- cultural comparison. A number of headache-related questionnaires have also been translated. To ensure true cross-cultural comparison, it is important to use rigorous translation methods to ensure a high quality translated version of the instruments. METHODS: Literature relevant to cross-cultural translations was reviewed, as well as literature concerning translation of headache-related instruments. CONCLUSION: More information on the translation process for headache-related instruments is essential to carry out high quality cross-cultural research. Recommendation are given to encourage good translation practices.