Exploring risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns associated with bacteriuria among Syrian refugees in makeshift camps.

BACKGROUND: The health and well-being of refugees are critically compromised by harsh living conditions, which foster the emergence of infectious diseases and the misuse of antimicrobial agents. This multi-centre, cross-sectional, community-based study investigated the prevalence of urine carriage of bacteria and the associated antimicrobial resistance patterns of the isolates among Syrian refugees living in makeshift camps in Lebanon, an East Mediterranean country. METHODS: We used multi-variable logistic regression models to identify the risk factors associated with bacteriuria in this vulnerable population. Mid-stream urine samples were collected aseptically from 79 Syrian refugees; regardless of whether they exhibited symptoms of urinary tract infections. Samples were inoculated onto UriSelect™ 4 chromogenic agar, and bacterial isolates were identified using MALDI-TOF-MS. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay. FINDINGS: The prevalence of bacteriuria was 30.8% (95% confidence interval: 21.6-41.7), and the aetiologic agents were primarily Escherichia coli (80%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (12%) and Enterobacter cloacae complex (8%). The Enterobacterales isolates exhibited high resistance to penicillins (64%), cephalosporins (20-48%), and quinolones (28%), with 56% showing multi-drug resistance. While the female sex and rubbish accumulation were risk factors, tea consumption, reduced chicken intake, and economic support were protective against bacteriuria. CONCLUSIONS: This report corroborates prior anecdotal evidence regarding underdiagnosed bacteriuria among Syrian refugees in Lebanon. The data highlight the pressing need for monitoring and awareness programmes to curb the spread of infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance in both refugee and host communities.